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With the rise popularity of single page applications, mobile applications, and RESTful API services, the fashion spider web developers write dorsum-end code has changed significantly. With technologies similar AngularJS and BackboneJS, nosotros are no longer spending much time building markup, instead we are building APIs that our forepart-terminate applications consume. Our back-cease is more than about business concern logic and data, while presentation logic is moved exclusively to the forepart-end or mobile applications. These changes take led to new ways of implementing authentication in modern applications.

Hallmark is one of the most important parts of any web application. For decades, cookies and server-based authentication were the easiest solution. However, treatment authentication in modern Mobile and Single Page Applications tin be tricky, and demand a improve arroyo. The best known solutions to hallmark problems for APIs are the OAuth 2.0 and the JSON Web Token (JWT).

Earlier we go into this JSON Spider web Token tutorial, what exactly is a JWT?

What is a JSON Web Token?

A JSON Web Token is used to send information that can be verified and trusted by ways of a digital signature. It comprises a meaty and URL-safe JSON object, which is cryptographically signed to verify its authenticity, and which tin too exist encrypted if the payload contains sensitive information.

Because of its compact structure, JWT is usually used in HTTP Authorisation headers or URL query parameters.

Structure of a JSON Web Token

A JWT is represented as a sequence of base64url encoded values that are separated by period characters.

JSON web token example in laravel and angularjs

Here is a JWT token example:

                      eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.            eyJpc3MiOiJ0b3B0YWwuY29tIiwiZXhwIjoxNDI2NDIwODAwLCJodHRwOi8vdG9wdGFsLmNvbS9qd3RfY2xhaW1zL2lzX2FkbWluIjp0cnVlLCJjb21wYW55IjoiVG9wdGFsIiwiYXdlc29tZSI6dHJ1ZX0.            yRQYnWzskCZUxPwaQupWkiUzKELZ49eM7oWxAQK_ZXw

The header contains the metadata for the token and information technology minimally contains the type of signature and the encryption algorithm. (You can use a JSON formatter tool to prettify the JSON object.)

Example Header

          {   "alg": "HS256",   "typ": "JWT" }

This JWT case header declares that the encoded object is a JSON Web Token, and that it is signed using the HMAC SHA-256 algorithm.

Once this is base64 encoded, we accept the get-go part of our JWT.

                      eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9

Payload (Claims)

In the context of JWT, a claim can be defined as a statement about an entity (typically, the user), too equally additional metadata about the token itself. The claim contains the information we desire to transmit, and that the server tin utilize to properly handle JSON Web Token authentication. There are multiple claims we can provide; these include registered claim names, public claim names and individual claim names.

Registered JWT Claims

These are the claims that are registered in the IANA JSON Spider web Token Claims registry. These JWT claims are not intended to exist mandatory simply rather to provide a starting point for a set up of useful, interoperable claims.

These include:

iss: The issuer of the token
sub: The bailiwick of the token
aud: The audience of the token
exp: JWT expiration time defined in Unix fourth dimension
nbf: "Not before" fourth dimension that identifies the time earlier which the JWT must not be accepted for processing
iat: "Issued at" time, in Unix fourth dimension, at which the token was issued
jti: JWT ID claim provides a unique identifier for the JWT

Public Claims

Public claims need to accept collision-resistant names. By making the name a URI or URN, naming collisions are avoided for JWTs where the sender and receiver are not part of a closed network.

An instance of a public claim name could be: https://www.toptal.com/jwt_claims/is_admin, and the all-time practise is to identify a file at that location describing the claim so that it tin can exist dereferenced for documentation.

Private Claims

Private claim-names may be used in places where JWTs are only exchanged in a closed environment between known systems, such as inside an enterprise. These are claims that we tin define ourselves, similar user IDs, user roles, or whatever other information.

Using merits-names that might have alien semantic meanings outside of a closed or private organisation are subject to standoff, then utilize them with circumspection.

It is important to annotation that we want to proceed a spider web token as small as possible, so apply only necessary data inside public and private claims.

JWT Example Payload

          {   "iss": "toptal.com",   "exp": 1426420800,   "https://world wide web.toptal.com/jwt_claims/is_admin": true,   "company": "Toptal",   "crawly": true }

This example payload has two registered claims, one public claim and ii individual claims. Once it is base64 encoded, nosotros have the 2d role of our JWT.

                      eyJpc3MiOiJ0b3B0YWwuY29tIiwiZXhwIjoxNDI2NDIwODAwLCJodHRwOi8vdG9wdGFsLmNvbS9qd3RfY2xhaW1zL2lzX2FkbWluIjp0cnVlLCJjb21wYW55IjoiVG9wdGFsIiwiYXdlc29tZSI6dHJ1ZX0

Signature

The JWT standard follows the JSON Web Signature (JWS) specification to generate the final signed token. It is generated by combining the encoded JWT Header and the encoded JWT Payload, and signing information technology using a strong encryption algorithm, such as HMAC SHA-256. The signature'south secret key is held by the server so information technology will be able to verify existing tokens and sign new ones.

          $encodedContent = base64UrlEncode(header) + "." + base64UrlEncode(payload); $signature = hashHmacSHA256($encodedContent);

This gives u.s. the terminal part of our JWT.

                      yRQYnWzskCZUxPwaQupWkiUzKELZ49eM7oWxAQK_ZXw

JWT Security and Encryption

Information technology is critical to use TLS/SSL in conjunction with JWT, to forbid man-in-the-center attacks. In most cases, this will be sufficient to encrypt the JWT payload if it contains sensitive data. However, if we want to add an additional layer of protection, nosotros tin encrypt the JWT payload itself using the JSON Web Encryption (JWE) specification.

Of course, if we want to avoid the additional overhead of using JWE, another option is to only keep sensitive data in our database, and use our token for boosted API calls to the server whenever we demand to admission sensitive data.

Why the Need for Web Tokens?

Before we can run across all the benefits of using JWT authentication, nosotros take to wait at the fashion authentication has been washed in the past.

Server-Based Authentication

Because the HTTP protocol is stateless, in that location needs to be a machinery for storing user data and a way to authenticate the user on every subsequent request after login. Near websites use cookies for storing user'south session ID.

How it Works

The browser makes a POST request to the server that contains the user's identification and countersign. The server responds with a cookie, which is attack the user's browser, and includes a session ID to identify the user.

On every subsequent asking, the server needs to find that session and deserialize it, because user data is stored on the server.

Drawbacks of Server-Based Hallmark

Difficult to scale: The server needs to create a session for a user and persist it somewhere on the server. This can be done in memory or in a database. If nosotros have a distributed system, we take to make sure that nosotros use a separate session storage that is not coupled to the awarding server.
Cross-origin asking sharing (CORS): When using AJAX calls to fetch a resource from another domain ("cross-origin") we could come across bug with forbidden requests considering, past default, HTTP requests don't include cookies on cross-origin requests.
Coupling with the spider web framework: When using server-based hallmark we are tied to our framework'due south authentication scheme. Information technology is really hard, or even impossible, to share session data between dissimilar web frameworks written in dissimilar programming languages.

Token-Based Hallmark

Token based/JWT authentication is stateless, so there is no need to store user data in the session. This gives u.s.a. the power to calibration our application without worrying where the user has logged in. We can easily use the aforementioned token for fetching a secure resources from a domain other than the i we are logged in to.

How JSON Spider web Tokens Work

A browser or mobile customer makes a request to the authentication server containing user login information. The authentication server generates a new JWT access token and returns it to the client. On every request to a restricted resources, the client sends the admission token in the query string or Say-so header. The server then validates the token and, if it'south valid, returns the secure resource to the client.

The authentication server can sign the token using any secure signature method. For example, a symmetric primal algorithm such as HMAC SHA-256 tin be used if there is a secure aqueduct to share the secret cardinal among all parties. Alternatively, an asymmetric, public-fundamental system, such equally RSA, tin can be used as well, eliminating the need for further central-sharing.

Advantages of Token-Based Authentication

Stateless, easier to scale: The token contains all the information to identify the user, eliminating the demand for the session country. If we use a load balancer, we tin pass the user to whatsoever server, instead of being leap to the same server we logged in on.

Reusability: We can have many separate servers, running on multiple platforms and domains, reusing the same token for authenticating the user. It is easy to build an awarding that shares permissions with another application.

JWT Security: Since we are non using cookies, we don't have to protect confronting cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attacks. Nosotros should all the same encrypt our tokens using JWE if we have to put whatsoever sensitive information in them, and transmit our tokens over HTTPS to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks.

Performance: There is no server side lookup to notice and deserialize the session on each asking. The merely thing nosotros have to do is calculate the HMAC SHA-256 to validate the token and parse its content.

A JSON Web Token Example using Laravel 5 and AngularJS

In this JWT tutorial I am going to demonstrate how to implement the basic hallmark using JSON Web Tokens in 2 popular spider web technologies: Laravel 5 for the backend code and AngularJS for the frontend Unmarried Folio Application (SPA) example. (You can observe the entire demo here, and the source code in this GitHub repository and so that you can follow forth with the tutorial.)

This JSON spider web token instance will not utilise whatsoever kind of encryption to ensure the confidentiality of the information transmitted in the claims. In practice this is often okay, considering TLS/SSL encrypts the request. However, if the token is going to contain sensitive information, such as the user's social security number, it should too be encrypted using JWE.

Laravel Backend Instance

We will use Laravel to handle user registration, persisting user data to a database and providing some restricted data that needs authentication for the Angular app to consume. We will create an example API subdomain to simulate Cross-origin resources sharing (CORS) likewise.

Installation and Project Bootstrapping

In social club to use Laravel, nosotros have to install the Composer parcel manager on our car. When developing in Laravel I recommend using the Laravel Homestead pre-packaged "box" of Vagrant. It provides us with a consummate development environment regardless of our operating arrangement.

The easiest way to bootstrap our JWT Laravel awarding is to use a Composer parcel Laravel Installer.

          composer global require "laravel/installer=~1.1"

Now we are all ready to create a new Laravel project by running laravel new jwt.

For whatever questions about this process please refer to the official Laravel documentation.

After we have created the basic Laravel 5 application, we need to gear up our Homestead.yaml, which will configure folder mappings and domains configuration for our local environment.

Example of a Homestead.yaml file:

          --- ip: "192.168.10.10" memory: 2048 cpus: ane  authorize: /Users/ttkalec/.ssh/public.psk  keys:     - /Users/ttkalec/.ssh/private.ppk folders:     - map: /coding/jwt       to: /home/vagrant/coding/jwt sites:     - map: jwt.dev       to: /domicile/vagrant/coding/jwt/public     - map: api.jwt.dev       to: /home/vagrant/coding/jwt/public variables:     - key: APP_ENV       value: local

Later on nosotros've booted up our Vagrant box with the vagrant up command and logged into information technology using vagrant ssh, nosotros navigate to the previously defined project directory. In the example above this would exist /home/vagrant/coding/jwt. We can at present run php artisan migrate command in order to create the necessary user tables in our database.

Installing Composer Dependencies

Fortunately, there is a community of developers working on Laravel and maintaining many great packages that we tin reuse and extend our application with. In this example we will utilise tymon/jwt-auth, by Sean Tymon, for handling tokens on the server side, and barryvdh/laravel-cors, by Barry vd. Heuvel, for treatment CORS.

jwt-auth

Require the tymon/jwt-auth package in our composer.json and update our dependencies.

          composer require tymon/jwt-auth 0.five.*

Add the JWTAuthServiceProvider to our app/config/app.php providers assortment.

          'Tymon\JWTAuth\Providers\JWTAuthServiceProvider'

Next, in app/config/app.php file, nether the aliases array, nosotros add together the JWTAuth facade.

          'JWTAuth' => 'Tymon\JWTAuth\Facades\JWTAuth'

Finally, we will want to publish the packet config using the post-obit command: php artisan config:publish tymon/jwt-auth

JSON Web tokens are encrypted using a surreptitious central. We tin generate that key using the php artisan jwt:generate control. It volition exist placed inside our config/jwt.php file. In the product surround, nonetheless, nosotros never want to have our passwords or API keys inside configuration files. Instead, nosotros should place them inside server environment variables and reference them in the configuration file with the env function. For instance:

          'hole-and-corner' => env('JWT_SECRET')

Nosotros tin can find out more about this parcel and all of it's config settings on Github.

laravel-cors

Require the barryvdh/laravel-cors package in our composer.json and update our dependencies.

          composer crave barryvdh/laravel-cors 0.4.10@dev

Add together the CorsServiceProvider to our app/config/app.php providers assortment.

          'Barryvdh\Cors\CorsServiceProvider'

And then add together the middleware to our app/Http/Kernel.php.

          'Barryvdh\Cors\Middleware\HandleCors'

Publish the configuration to a local config/cors.php file by using the php artisan vendor:publish control.

Instance of a cors.php file configuration:

          render [    'defaults' => [        'supportsCredentials' => false,        'allowedOrigins' => [],        'allowedHeaders' => [],        'allowedMethods' => [],        'exposedHeaders' => [],        'maxAge' => 0,        'hosts' => [],    ],     'paths' => [        'v1/*' => [            'allowedOrigins' => ['*'],            'allowedHeaders' => ['*'],            'allowedMethods' => ['*'],            'maxAge' => 3600,        ],    ], ];

Routing and Handling HTTP Requests

For the sake of brevity, I will put all my code inside the routes.php file that is responsible for Laravel routing and delegating requests to controllers. We would normally create defended controllers for treatment all our HTTP requests and keep our code modular and make clean.

We will load our AngularJS SPA view using

          Route::go('/', function () {    return view('spa'); });

User Registration

When we make a Mail asking to /signup with a username and password, we volition try to create a new user and relieve it to the database. After the user has been created, a JWT is created and returned via JSON response.

          Route::mail service('/signup', function () {    $credentials = Input::only('electronic mail', 'password');     try {        $user = User::create($credentials);    } grab (Exception $east) {        return Response::json(['fault' => 'User already exists.'], HttpResponse::HTTP_CONFLICT);    }     $token = JWTAuth::fromUser($user);     return Response::json(compact('token')); });

User Sign In

When we brand a POST request to /signin with a username and countersign, we verify that the user exists and returns a JWT via the JSON response.

          Route::post('/signin', function () {    $credentials = Input::only('email', 'countersign');     if ( ! $token = JWTAuth::attempt($credentials)) {        return Response::json(false, HttpResponse::HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED);    }     render Response::json(meaty('token')); });

Fetching a Restricted Resource on the Same Domain

Once the user is signed in, we can fetch the restricted resource. I've created a route /restricted that simulates a resource that needs an authenticated user. In order to practise this, the asking Authorization header or query string needs to provide the JWT for the backend to verify.

          Route::get('/restricted', [    'before' => 'jwt-auth',    role () {        $token = JWTAuth::getToken();        $user = JWTAuth::toUser($token);         return Response::json([            'data' => [                'electronic mail' => $user->email,                'registered_at' => $user->created_at->toDateTimeString()            ]        ]);    } ]);

In this example, I'grand using the jwt-auth middleware provided in the jwt-auth package using 'before' => 'jwt-auth'. This middleware is used to filter the asking and validate the JWT token. If the token is invalid, not present, or expired, the middleware will throw an exception that nosotros can catch.

In Laravel five, we can take hold of exceptions using the app/Exceptions/Handler.php file. Using the render function we tin can create HTTP responses based on the thrown exception.

          public function render($request, Exception $e) {   if ($due east instanceof \Tymon\JWTAuth\Exceptions\TokenInvalidException)   {      return response(['Token is invalid'], 401);   }   if ($due east instanceof \Tymon\JWTAuth\Exceptions\TokenExpiredException)   {      render response(['Token has expired'], 401);   }    render parent::render($asking, $eastward); }

If the user is authenticated and the token is valid, we can safely return the restricted data to the frontend via JSON.

Fetching Restricted Resource from the API Subdomain

In the adjacent JSON web token example, nosotros'll take a different approach for token validation. Instead of using jwt-auth middleware, we will handle exceptions manually. When we make a POST request to an API server api.jwt.dev/v1/restricted, nosotros are making a cantankerous-origin asking, and have to enable CORS on the backend. Fortunately, we have already configured CORS in the config/cors.php file.

          Route::group(['domain' => 'api.jwt.dev', 'prefix' => 'v1'], part () {    Road::get('/restricted', function () {        try {            JWTAuth::parseToken()->toUser();        } catch (Exception $e) {            render Response::json(['error' => $e->getMessage()], HttpResponse::HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED);        }         return ['data' => 'This has come from a defended API subdomain with restricted access.'];    }); });

AngularJS Frontend Case

Nosotros are using AngularJS every bit a front-end, relying on the API calls to the Laravel dorsum-end hallmark server for user authentication and sample information, plus the API server for cross-origin example information. Once we go to the homepage of our project, the backend will serve the resources/views/spa.blade.php view that will bootstrap the Athwart awarding.

Hither is the binder structure of the Angular app:

          public/   |-- css/       `-- bootstrap.superhero.min.css   |-- lib/       |-- loading-bar.css       |-- loading-bar.js       `-- ngStorage.js   |-- partials/       |-- home.html       |-- restricted.html       |-- signin.html       `-- signup.html   `-- scripts/       |-- app.js       |-- controllers.js       `-- services.js

Bootstrapping the Angular Application

spa.blade.php contains the bare essentials needed to run the awarding. We'll use Twitter Bootstrap for styling, along with a custom theme from Bootswatch. To have some visual feedback when making an AJAX call, we'll use the angular-loading-bar script, which intercepts XHR requests and creates a loading bar. In the header section, we take the following stylesheets:

          <link rel="stylesheet" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.2.0/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/bootstrap.superhero.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/loading-bar.css">

The footer of our markup contains references to libraries, every bit well equally our custom scripts for Angular modules, controllers and services.

          <script src="http://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/ii.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="http://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.2/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script src="http://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/angular.js/1.iii.14/angular.min.js"></script> <script src="http://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/angular.js/ane.three.fourteen/angular-route.min.js"></script> <script src="/lib/ngStorage.js"></script> <script src="/lib/loading-bar.js"></script> <script src="/scripts/app.js"></script> <script src="/scripts/controllers.js"></script> <script src="/scripts/services.js"></script> </body>

We are using ngStorage library for AngularJS, to save tokens into the browser's local storage, and so that nosotros can send information technology on each asking via the Authorization header.

In the production surround, of course, we would minify and combine all our script files and stylesheets in lodge to improve performance.

I've created a navigation bar using Bootstrap that will change the visibility of appropriate links, depending on the sign-in status of the user. The sign-in status is determined by the presence of a token variable in the controller's scope.

          <div form="navbar-header">    <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".navbar-collapse">        <span form="sr-merely">Toggle navigation</span>        <span class="icon-bar"></span>        <span class="icon-bar"></bridge>        <span class="icon-bar"></span>    </push button>    <a class="navbar-make" href="#">JWT Angular example</a> </div> <div grade="navbar-collapse plummet">    <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-correct">        <li data-ng-show="token"><a ng-href="#/restricted">Restricted area</a></li>        <li information-ng-hide="token"><a ng-href="#/signin">Sign in</a></li>        <li data-ng-hide="token"><a ng-href="#/signup">Sign upward</a></li>        <li data-ng-show="token"><a ng-click="logout()">Logout</a></li>    </ul> </div>

Routing

We have a file named app.js which is responsible for configuring all our front end routes.

          angular.module('app', [    'ngStorage',    'ngRoute',    'athwart-loading-bar' ])    .constant('urls', {        BASE: 'http://jwt.dev:8000',        BASE_API: 'http://api.jwt.dev:8000/v1'    })    .config(['$routeProvider', '$httpProvider', office ($routeProvider, $httpProvider) {        $routeProvider.            when('/', {                templateUrl: 'partials/home.html',                controller: 'HomeController'            }).            when('/signin', {                templateUrl: 'partials/signin.html',                controller: 'HomeController'            }).            when('/signup', {                templateUrl: 'partials/signup.html',                controller: 'HomeController'            }).            when('/restricted', {                templateUrl: 'partials/restricted.html',                controller: 'RestrictedController'            }).            otherwise({                redirectTo: '/'            });

Here nosotros can encounter that we have defined four routes that are handled by either HomeController or RestrictedController. Every route corresponds to a fractional HTML view. We have also defined two constants that comprise URLs for our HTTP requests to the backend.

Request Interceptor

The $http service of AngularJS allows the states to communicate with the backend and make HTTP requests. In our example nosotros desire to intercept every HTTP request and inject it with an Authorization header containing our JWT if the user is authenticated. Nosotros can also utilize an interceptor to create a global HTTP fault handler. Here is an case of our interceptor that injects a token if it'due south bachelor in browser'south local storage.

          $httpProvider.interceptors.button(['$q', '$location', '$localStorage', function ($q, $location, $localStorage) {    return {        'asking': role (config) {            config.headers = config.headers || {};            if ($localStorage.token) {                config.headers.Authorization = 'Bearer ' + $localStorage.token;            }            return config;        },        'responseError': part (response) {            if (response.status === 401 || response.condition === 403) {                $location.path('/signin');            }            render $q.reject(response);        }    }; }]);

Controllers

In the controllers.js file, we have defined ii controllers for our application: HomeController and RestrictedController. HomeController handles sign-in, sign-upwardly and logout functionality. It passes the username and password data from the sign-in and sign-up forms to the Auth service, which sends HTTP requests to the backend. Information technology then saves the token to local storage, or shows an error message, depending on the response from the backend.

          angular.module('app')    .controller('HomeController', ['$rootScope', '$scope', '$location', '$localStorage', 'Auth',        function ($rootScope, $scope, $location, $localStorage, Auth) {            office successAuth(res) {                $localStorage.token = res.token;                window.location = "/";            }             $scope.signin = function () {                var formData = {                    email: $scope.e-mail,                    password: $scope.password                };                 Auth.signin(formData, successAuth, function () {                    $rootScope.error = 'Invalid credentials.';                })            };             $scope.signup = function () {                var formData = {                    email: $telescopic.email,                    password: $scope.password                };                 Auth.signup(formData, successAuth, function () {                    $rootScope.fault = 'Failed to signup';                })            };             $scope.logout = function () {                Auth.logout(function () {                    window.location = "/"                });            };            $scope.token = $localStorage.token;            $telescopic.tokenClaims = Auth.getTokenClaims();        }])

RestrictedController behaves the aforementioned way, only information technology fetches the data by using the getRestrictedData and getApiData functions on the Data service.

                      .controller('RestrictedController', ['$rootScope', '$scope', 'Data', part ($rootScope, $telescopic, Data) {        Data.getRestrictedData(function (res) {            $scope.data = res.data;        }, function () {            $rootScope.fault = 'Failed to fetch restricted content.';        });        Data.getApiData(role (res) {            $scope.api = res.data;        }, office () {            $rootScope.error = 'Failed to fetch restricted API content.';        });    }]);

The backend is responsible for serving the restricted data only if the user is authenticated. This ways that in club to respond with the restricted data, the request for that information needs to contain a valid JWT inside its Authorization header or query cord. If that is not the instance, the server will respond with a 401 Unauthorized error status code.

Auth Service

The Auth service is responsible for making the sign in and sign upwardly HTTP requests to the backend. If the request is successful, the response contains the signed token, which is and then base64 decoded, and the enclosed token claims information is saved into a tokenClaims variable. This is passed to the controller via the getTokenClaims function.

          angular.module('app')    .manufacturing plant('Auth', ['$http', '$localStorage', 'urls', function ($http, $localStorage, urls) {        function urlBase64Decode(str) {            var output = str.replace('-', '+').replace('_', '/');            switch (output.length % 4) {                case 0:                    break;                case 2:                    output += '==';                    break;                case 3:                    output += '=';                    break;                default:                    throw 'Illegal base64url string!';            }            return window.atob(output);        }         function getClaimsFromToken() {            var token = $localStorage.token;            var user = {};            if (typeof token !== 'undefined') {                var encoded = token.split('.')[1];                user = JSON.parse(urlBase64Decode(encoded));            }            return user;        }         var tokenClaims = getClaimsFromToken();         return {            signup: function (data, success, error) {                $http.post(urls.BASE + '/signup', data).success(success).error(fault)            },            signin: function (information, success, error) {                $http.post(urls.BASE + '/signin', data).success(success).error(error)            },            logout: office (success) {                tokenClaims = {};                delete $localStorage.token;                success();            },            getTokenClaims: function () {                return tokenClaims;            }        };    }    ]);

Information Service

This is a elementary service that makes requests to the hallmark server as well as the API server for some dummy restricted data. Information technology makes the request, and delegates success and error callbacks to the controller.

          angular.module('app')    .factory('Data', ['$http', 'urls', function ($http, urls) {         return {            getRestrictedData: function (success, error) {                $http.get(urls.BASE + '/restricted').success(success).mistake(error)            },            getApiData: function (success, error) {                $http.get(urls.BASE_API + '/restricted').success(success).error(fault)            }        };    }    ]);

Across This JSON Web Token Tutorial

Token-based authentication enables u.s.a. to construct decoupled systems that are not tied to a item authentication scheme. The token might be generated anywhere and consumed on any system that uses the same cloak-and-dagger key for signing the token. They are mobile ready, and exercise not require us to use cookies.

JSON Web Tokens work across all popular programming languages and are quickly gaining in popularity. They are backed by companies like Google, Microsoft and Zendesk. Their standard specification by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is still in the typhoon version and may change slightly in the future.

There is still a lot to cover about JWTs, such with how to handle the security details, and refreshing tokens when they expire, only the JSON Web Token tutorial should demonstrate the basic usage and, more importantly, the advantages of using JWTs.

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